Risk factors include environmental factors, medications, drug use, compromised health status, and genetic conditions. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the identification of risk factors that predispose to heat stroke, the role of endotoxin and cytokines in mediation of multi-organ damage, the incidence of hypothermia and fever during heat stroke recovery, clinical biomarkers of organ damage severity, and protective cooling strategies. Long-term consequences of heat stroke are thought to be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Exertional heat stroke is observed in young fit individuals performing strenuous physical activity in hot or temperature environments. Classic heat stroke primarily occurs in immunocompromised individuals during annual heat waves. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition clinically diagnosed as a severe elevation in body temperature with central nervous system dysfunction that often includes combativeness, delirium, seizures, and coma.
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